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UC San Diego Health researchers empirically tie loss of senses to COVID-19

The most common first sign of a COVID-19 infection remains fever, but loss of smell and taste follow as other very common initial symptoms," said UC San Diego.

SAN DIEGO — Researchers at UC San Diego Health announced Monday the first empirical findings that strongly associate the temporary loss of smell and taste with COVID-19.

Loss of sensory functions have been anecdotally linked to COVID-19 infections since the coronavirus pandemic began, but in a study published in the International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology journal, the researchers reported the first data-backed link.

"Based on our study, if you have smell and taste loss, you are more than 10 times more likely to have COVID-19 infection than other causes of infection. The most common first sign of a COVID-19 infection remains fever, but fatigue and loss of smell and taste follow as other very common initial symptoms," said Dr. Carol Yan, an otolaryngologist and head and neck surgeon at UC San Diego Health.

"We know COVID-19 is an extremely contagious virus. This study supports the need to be aware of smell and taste loss as early signs of COVID- 19," she said.

Yan and her colleagues surveyed 1,480 patients with flu-like symptoms and concerns regarding potential COVID-19 infection who underwent testing at UC San Diego Health from March 3 through March 29. Within that total, 102 patients tested positive for the virus and 1,378 tested negative. The study included responses from 59 COVID-19-positive patients and 203 COVID-19-negative patients.

Yan said the study demonstrated the high prevalence and unique presentation of certain sensory impairments in patients testing positive for COVID-19. Of those who reported loss of smell and taste, the loss was typically profound, not mild. But encouragingly, the rate of recovery of smell and taste was high and occurred usually within two to four weeks of infection, the researchers found.

"Our study not only showed that the high incidence of smell and taste is specific to COVID-19 infection, but we fortunately also found that for the majority of people sensory recovery was generally rapid," Yan said. "Among the COVID-19 patients with smell loss, more than 70% had reported improvement of smell at the time of survey and of those who hadn't reported improvement, many had only been diagnosed recently."

The senses returning typically matched the timing of disease recovery. The researchers also found that patients who reported experiencing a sore throat more often tested negative for COVID-19.

In an effort to decrease the risk of virus transmission, UCSD Health now includes loss of smell and taste as a screening requirement for visitors and staff, as well as a marker for testing patients who may be positive for the virus.

Other known symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, fatigue, cough and difficulty breathing. Respondents in Yan's study were most often people with milder forms of COVID-19 infection who did not require hospitalization or intubation.

The findings, she said, underline the importance of identifying early or subtle symptoms of COVID-19 infection in people who may be at risk of transmitting the disease as they recuperate within the community.

"It is our hope that with these findings other institutions will follow suit and not only list smell and taste loss as a symptom of COVID-19, but use it as a screening measure for the virus across the world," Yan said.

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